This is War! APhoto-Narrative of the Korean War 이것이 전쟁이다! 6·25전쟁 사진집
This is War! Contents + Word from translator (For publication of second edition) I. Author: David Douglas DUNCAN II. In Explanation III. Korea 1950 IV. The Hill V. The City VI. “Retreat, Hell!” VII. Photo Data 9 13 15 21 76 122 154 173 183 + Appendix
이것이 전쟁이다! 목 차 + 옮긴이의 말 (증보판을 발행하면서) I. 저자 소개: 데이비드 D. 던컨 II. 저자의 말:“책을 내면서” III. 1950년 한국 IV. 낙동강 방어선: 고지전 V. 서울 탈환: 시가전 VI. 장진호 전투:“후퇴라니, 말도 안 돼!” VII. 사진자료 + 부록 6 14 18 48 89 133 160 178 183
This is War! 1. 이 책은 6·25전쟁을 기술한 그 어떤 책이나 자료보다도 전쟁의 현장을 객관 적인 사실 그대로 기록하고자 한 책이다. 대부분의 전쟁관련 서적들은 참전 장병 의 시각에서 고급장교들이 저술한 책인데 반하여‘This is War’는 전투부대에 특파된 종군 기자의 시각에서 본 사실을 그대로 기술한 점에서 상대적으로 더 사실적이다. 2. 이 책은 일반적인 전쟁 관련 서적들이 갖고 있는 문어체적인 서술보다 기자 특유 의 글짓기 형식을 빌리면서 많은 부분을 자국인(미국인) 이해 기준으로 구어체 형식으로 기술함으로써 전투 현장감을 더했으며 보다 더 정확하고 세밀한 번역이 요구되었다. 3. 이 책을 번역함에 있어 무엇보다 6·25전쟁 이전과 이후의 일본, 중국, 소련 등 극동지역의 이해관계와 저자에 대한 충분한 사전 연구가 요구되었다. 4. 이 책의 높은 가치 중 하나는 현 시점에서는 실제훈련을 할 수 없고 현장감을 살리 기조차 어려운 RSOI(Reception, Staging, Onward Movement, Integration ☞ 한미연합전시증원연습)나 NEO(Noncombatant Evacuation Operations ☞ 비전투원 소개훈련)에 관한 내용을 부분적이나마 생생하게 보여주고 있는 점이다. 5. 6·25전쟁에 관한 매우 정확하고 사실적인 자료이며 전투현장에 발생하는 전우애, 처절함, 절박함, 극단적 상황, 눈앞에 보이는 비참한 모습의 죽음들, 그리고 이에 직면하는 인간의 심리 등 전쟁에서만 볼 수 있는 현상들을 그대로 보여주고 있다. 따라서 이 책은 현역 군인은 물론, 사관생도와 장교 후보생을 포함하여 대한민국 국민이라면 꼭 한 번은 읽어 봐야 할 귀중한 자료이다. 옮긴이의 말 (증보판을 발행하면서) 6 l 옮긴이의 말
옮긴이의 말 l 7 저자가 의도했던 핵심적인 부분은 책의 첫머리에 모두 나와 있다. 던컨은‘전쟁’ 이라는 의미를 각국의 정상들이 뒷짐을 지고 결정하는 그것으로부터 실제 전쟁을 수행하는 전투병 한 명 한 명의 눈앞에서 벌어지는 전투현장의 상황을 완전히 분리하기를 원했고, 실제로 이 책은 병사들의 전투현장에서 눈앞에 벌어지는 극적 인 상황들을 놀라울 정도로 세밀하게 표현하고 있다. 전투 최전방에서 사진기 하나만을 들고 죽음을 무릅쓰고 임무를 수행하는 종군 기자는 아무나 할 수 있는 직업은 아니다. 미 해병대에서 잔뼈가 굵은 저자에게도 6·25전쟁의 현장은 뼈가 깎이고 살이 찢어지는 고통의 나날이었음을 보여주고 있다. 이 작품은 6·25전쟁을 가장 객관적으로 정리한 자료라는 점에서 그 가치와 중요성이 매우 높다. 인간의 기억은 왜곡되기 마련이고 특히 목숨이 오가는 전장 에서 소총 한 자루만을 쥐고 자리를 지켜야하는 병사가 느꼈던 감정은 그 순간이 지나면 생생하게 전달하기는 어려운 일이다. 병사들에게는 어쩌면 일생에 단 한 번 뿐이었을 죽음이 다가오는 극단적인 경험을 저자는 그들의 표정과 몸짓, 얼룩진 얼굴로 우리에게 전하고 있다. 이에 더해서 이 자료는 현장을 직접 보고 느낀 저자 자신이 전해주는 전투의 느낌 과 전장의 실제를 사진을 통해서 그대로 전달하는 소중한 자료들이다. 6·25전쟁에서 이 수준의 역사 자료를 확보하기 위해서는 수천 명의 참전용사들 을 직접 인터뷰해야함은 물론이고 사실성을 입증하기 위해 동일한 사안들을 다른 자료와의 검증, 고증을 거쳐야 자료화 할 수 있다. 그러나 저자는 엄청난 시간과 노력을 필요로 하는 이런 전쟁자료들을 바로 그 전쟁의 순간순간을 자료화하면서 지금 이 시간에도 당시의 현장을 생생하게 느낄 수 있는 자료로 만들었다. 본 자료 를 통해서 우리는 일각에서 제기하고 있는 민간포로나 민간인 관리에 있어서 미군 에 대한 부정적 내용과 달리 이들을 매우 조심스럽게 관리하면서 전쟁을 수행했 다는 점도 볼 수 있다. 이것이 전쟁이다!
결론적으로 이 책이 주는 불변의 교훈은 6·25전쟁 당시나 지금이나 미국은 우리의 가장 중요한 군사 동맹국이어야 한다는 것이다. 그들이 민주주의와 대한 민국을 위해서 수만 명의 미국 젊은이들이 목숨을 바쳐 지킨 민주주의 국가임을 기억하고, 그들의 희생의 대가로 우리는 오늘날 따뜻한 방안에서 풍족한 식사를 하고, TV 프로그램과 인터넷 오락을 마음껏 즐길 수 있음을 감사한다. 이 번역본이 그들의 희생을 추모하고 보답하는 밀알이 될 것을 바라 마지않는다. 특별히 6·25전쟁의 귀중한 자료를 이 땅에 남겨준 데이비드 D. 던컨과 모든 자료 를 저자와 직접 상의하여 기증해 주신 파스칼 서더랜드 여사께 진심으로 존경과 감사를 드린다. 본 번역본은 2018년 11월 최초 발간하였으며 필요기관과 관련 독자들의 추가 발간 요청과 6·25전쟁 사료로서의 중요성이 부각되어 증보판을 발간하게 되었다. 그 리고 이 책을 읽는 독자들의 6·25전쟁에 대한 이해를 돕고, 특별히 UN과 16개 전투지원 국가와 6개 의료지원 국가에 대한 감사함을 영원히 간직하는 뜻에서 대한민국 국방부와 국가보훈처에서 발간한 자료를 인용하여 전투지원국 참전약사, 의료지원국 의료지원약사 그리고 6·25전쟁 주요상황도를 포함하여 증보판을 발간 하였다. 2021. 6. 25. 유엔평화기념관장 (예)준장 박 종 왕 This is War! 8 l 옮긴이의 말
1. This book describes the warfront of Korean war (6/25/1948~7/27/1953) in the most unbiased manner possible. Most war-related literature is written from veterans and officers point of view which could have partisan opinion depends on one's experience. 'This is war' is presented with the true story and photos from a war correspondent assigned in the battlefield where he describes what he saw with his own two eyes in the most objective manner. 2. Typical war related literature uses written language. However since this book was written by a journalist, the book resulted in a more journalistic and spoken writing style. Although this enhanced description of battlefield to make readers(in English) feel more involved in the process, translating such style of writing required more fine tuning and paraphrasing. 3. Translating this book required a great deal of research on the history of East Asia after Korean war, the relationship of interest between Japan, China and Russia, and the biography of the writer himself. 4. One notable value of this book is that it partially describes RSOI(Reception, Staging, Onward Movement, Integration) and NEO(Noncombatant Evacuation Operation) accurately. In today's society this is very hard to emulate, making it an exceptional reference. Word from translator (For publication of second edition) 이것이 전쟁이다! Word from translator(For publication of second edition) l 9
5. This book contains very accurate and realistic information about Korean war. It shows Comradeship, Desperation, countless deaths and sense of urgency in extreme circumstances that can only protrude through humans in time of War, making this book a must-read for Koreans including all active duty soldiers in the ROK military. Duncan’s intention of publishing this book is found in its introduction. Duncan wanted to separate the reality of the battlefield in the war from an operational point of view, and truthfully this book does exactly that through his lense. War correspondent is a very tough job. One literally faces death of war with a camera on his hand. Photos and words from this book shows how brutal of an experience it has been even for veteran journalists who have been on countless battlefields documenting it. This is where the importance and value of this book is coming from, presented in the most objective way of describing a war in a paper form. Human’s memories tend to distort especially in extreme situations such as a war. Soldier’s fear,agony and desperation of facing death itself in the battlefield with a single rifle would be hard to portray, describe accurately years later only from word of mouth. Book shows us this once in a lifetime experience with their body languages and mottled faces with its expressions. Duncan’s description enhances the feeling of battles and reality of the battlefield, making these extremely important materials for later generations to study. This is War! 6. This level of historical document requires interviews of thousands of veterans, countless research and documents gathering relating to events with fact checks on each and every of them. Duncan materialized all of this during a time of battle, risking his life to take photos and document them so later generations can appreciate things that had to be done for their peace and freedom. From this book we could also see how the US 10 l Word from translator(For publication of second edition)
Word from translator(For publication of second edition) l 11 In conclusion the immutable lesson we must take from this book is that the United States was and is our most important and valuable blood alliance then and now. We must remember and appreciate countless men and women from the world , including United States of America who fought for the freedom and democracy of Korea sacrificing their lives for it. Without their sacrifice we could not dream of living under a warm roof eating three square meals a day and enjoying our lives. We only hope that this version of the book shows our remembrance and appreciation of their sacrifice and hard work. Special thanks to the late David Douglas Duncan who deceased in 2018 at the age of 102 years old, for leaving this important legacy behind, and we also thank Ms Pascal Sutherland for providing materials and working with our writer to complete this important project in Korean history. First edition of the translated version was published in November of 2018, and with demands from readers and departments and rise of historical importance of this book within academia, we have decided to print a second edition. To better understand Korean war and commemorate the United Nations and 22 countries aided and fought for our freedom, This edition includes information on said nations along with medical assistance they provided, and interactive map of Korean war documented by ROK Department of Defense and Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs Brigade General(R) Park Jong Wang 이것이 전쟁이다! military managed civilians and captives humanly while proceeding with their operations, contrary to some beliefs that the US military has illtreated Korean civilians and some of their captives
평화라는 이름으로 하나가 된 22개국 1,957,733명의 용사들 대한민국 국민의 자유와 평화수호를 위해 싸운 그들의 숭고한 헌신과 희생을 잊지 않겠습니다. We will never forget the sacrifice and devotion of those 1,957,733 veterans from 22 countries who united in the name of peace, and fought for the freedom and peace of Korean.
Ⅰ. Author: David Douglas DUNCAN 이것이 전쟁이다! Ⅰ. Author : David Douglas DUNCAN l 13 David Douglas Duncan, the renowned war photographer (born in 1916 in Kansas City, Missouri) covered the Second World War, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. After war broke out in Korea on June 25th 1950, Duncan was embedded with the US Marines. His photographs of Marines, Korean evacuees, crowds of victims and many other scenes were published in Life magazine helping raise international awareness of the Korean War and its horrors. “I wanted to show what war did to a man.” This quote represents what the photographer intended to convey through his photographs. He believed that this was best done without captions. Duncan compiled his photographs of Korea and published the book ‘This is War!’ and presented the exhibition ‘Korea: The Impact of War’ at the museum of Modern Art in New York in 1951. An exhibition of David Douglas Duncan’s photos of the Korean War was presented at Visa pour l’Image - Perpignan in 2008. David Douglas Duncan passed away June 7th, 2018 in the South of France, where he lived his final days in peace. We at the United Nations Peace Memorial Hall recognize the significance of these photos and are profoundly grateful for the generous donation made by Mr. Duncan.
데이비드 더글러스 던컨(David Douglas Duncan, 1916년 미국 미주리주 캔자스시 출생)은 2차 세계대전, 6·25전쟁 및 베트남 전쟁을 보도한 저명한 사진작가다. 1950년 6월 25일 한국에서 전쟁이 발발하자, 던컨은 미 해병대 소속으로 파견되 었다. 그는 해병대원들, 피란민들, 전쟁의 수많은 희생자 등을 사진으로 담았으며, 이 사진들은 라이프(Life)지에 게재되어 6·25전쟁과 전쟁의 참상을 국제사회에 알렸다. 그는 “나는 전쟁이 사람을 어떻게 변모시키는지 보여주고 싶었다.” 라며, 자신의 작품 의도를 설명한다. 또한, 이를 가장 효과적으로 달성하기 위해서는 캡션을 달지 않는 것이 낫다고 믿었다. 던컨은 한국을 찍은 사진을 모아「이것이 전쟁이다(This is War!)」라는 책을 편 찬하고, 1951년 뉴욕시의 현대미술관(Museum of Modern Art)에서‘한국: 전쟁 의 충격(Korea: The Impact of War)’이라는 제목으로 전시회를 가졌다. 던컨의 한국전쟁 사진은 2008년 비자 뿌르 리마쥬 페르피냥(Visa pour l’Image - Perpignan) 포토저널리즘 전시회에서 발표되었다. 그는 2018년 6월 7일, 여생을 보내던 南프랑스에서 별세했다. 유엔평화기념관(United Nations Peace Memorial Hall)은 그의 사진들이 갖는 중요성을 높이 평가하며 던컨 작가의 관대한 기부에 대해 깊은 감사를 드린다. Ⅰ. 저자 소개: 데이비드 D. 던컨 14 l Ⅰ. 저자 소개: 데이비드 D. 던컨 This is War!
이것이 전쟁이다! Ⅱ. In Explanation l 15 Ⅱ. In Explanation TO YOU who open this book something of an explanation is due, for you are helping me to tell a story as one has never been told before. Without you, and the innumerable bits of memories and experiences and fears which are only You yet which make you much like all the men and women who surround you each day—without you my book would be impossible. For You are deeply involved in this story, You are the Main Character. You are the one who survived—the one who lived to stand outside a crude aid station in the valley while awaiting word whether your comrades were still alive . . . or dead. You are the one who lived to sprawl loosely upon a city street while eating your can of beans. You are the one who didn’t get hit, or freeze, or just disappear into the swirl of blinding snow when you and your comrades were surrounded by enemy troops in vastly superior force, then driven to the point of final exhaustion while marching out of the trap. 「This Is War!」 is a book which happens to have been made possible by the war in Korea. It is in no way a report on the progress of that war, nor does it make any pretense of telling the reasons behind the United Nations’ decision to intervene and try to stop the Communist invasion by force. There is neither climax nor ringing conclusion to this book. It is simply an effort to show something of what a man endures when his country decides to go to war, with or without his personal agreement on the righteousness of the cause. This book is an effort to completely divorce the word “war” as flung dramatically down off the highest benches of every land, from the look in the man’s eyes who is taking his last puff on perhaps his last cigarette, perhaps forever, before he grabs his rifle, his guts and his dreams—and attacks an enemy position above him. Believing that the look in that man’s eyes tells more clearly what he felt, I am presenting this book to you without a single caption, for any caption that I might write would just mirror when I was feeling, or thought I felt. To sit down now
to write subtitles for these pictures, telling what that man thought, would be a mockery of the worst order, for I didn’t even know what he was thinking, when I made the picture. Thus the photographs reflect only what the men in this book did, something of what they felt, and probably very little of what they thought. The book is divided into three chapters. Each chapter deals with a military combat problem . . . the first, an attack upon a hill . . . the second, the capture of a city . . . the third, a fighting retreat. Wishing that it might have been possible to publish this book without a single written word so that the men might tell their own story, yet understanding that there are many people, like my own mother and father, who lack the necessary background for comprehending the ordeals through which these men passed, or the conditions under which they perished, I have prefaced each picture-chapter with a short textblock. Each explains in considerable detail the military situation confronting the troops and their activities as they lived through their days, and nights, while trying to solve those immediate problems. I have tried, in every possible way, to present only a word screen upon which these men project their own story. With the thought that there may also be some of you who are deeply interested in what was happening in Korea during the months before the pictures start telling their story, I have opened the book with a short additional text section which tells of my own personal, very personal, involvement in the Korean War as a correspondent for Life Magazine. I have included four reports, starting in Tokyo with the first day of the war and then General Douglas MacArthur’s first visit to the front. Another deals with my flight with Air Force fighter jets, the first ever made by a correspondent into combat. A third report follows an attack by Republic of Korea troops, and my disappointment at what I learned. The fourth report tells the story of the first bit of action involving U.S. Marines after they landed in Korea. All four of these are included for two definite reasons. The first to cover the general over-all military situation in Korea from that first day late in June, up to the first week in September when the picture section of this book 16 l Ⅱ. In Explanation This is War!
starts. The second reason for including this additional text is that I wanted you, the reader, to understand that I have not put this book together unknowingly or half-heartedly. I wanted you to feel something of what I felt, and, possibly, to think some of the things that I thought during those dreary months before the pictures of the book made it possible for the men to tell of themselves. Yet, to learn their stories, each page of photographs must be read as carefully as you might read a page of written text in a novel. Asking you to read the story In their faces and hands and bodies, as they were feeling it themselves at the moment of impact, is only fair to them—and is asking more of you than ever before has been asked of the picture-viewing audience. Nearly every man in this book is a U.S. Marine. It is no accident. I was one of them in World War II. Having shared their lives, as they did mine, during three years while moving up out of the South Pacific islands and right into Tokyo Bay for the surrender of the entire Japanese Empire, I took it for granted, when they arrived in Korea, that I would photograph their battles. I wanted to show what war did to a man. I wanted to show something of the comradeship that binds men together when they are fighting a common peril. I wanted to show the way men live, and die, when they know Death is among them, and yet they still find the strength to crawl forward armed only with bayonets to stop the advance of men they have never seen, with whom they have no immediate quarrel, men who will kill them on sight if given first chance. I wanted to show something of the agony, the suffering, the terrible confusion, the heroism which is everyday currency among those men who actually pull the triggers of rifles aimed at other men, known as “the enemy”. I wanted to tell a story of war, as war has always been for men through the ages. Only their weapons, the terrain, the causes have changed. D.D.D. March, 1951 이것이 전쟁이다! Ⅱ. In Explanation l 17
이 책을 읽는 여러분에게 무언가 설명해 드리는 것은 제가 전에 한 번도 하지 않은 이야기를 하도록 여러분들이 도움을 주었기 때문입니다. 여러분이 없었다면-그리고 여러분 주위의 모든 사람처럼 날마다 여러분에게 있었던 무수한 기억의 단편들과 경험들, 그리고 공포들을 가진 여러분이 없었다면-제 책은 나오지 못했을 것입니다. 여러분 모두가 이 이야기에 깊이 관련되어 있으므로 여러분들이 주인공입니다. 여러분들은 골짜기에 설치된 간이 구호소 밖에서 전우가 살아 있는지 죽었는지 그 결과를 기다리며 서 있었던 생존자이고, 길가에 기대어 축 늘어진 자세로 앉아 콩 통조림을 먹던 사람들입니다. 여러분들은 상처를 입지도, 동상에 걸리지도 않았지만, 월등히 우세한 전력을 가진 적군의 포위망을 마지막 힘까지 다 소진하며 빠져나와 눈앞을 가리는 눈의 소용돌이 속으로 사라졌던 사람입니다. 「This is War!」는한국에서일어난전쟁으로만들어질수있게된책입니다. 이책은 한국전의 경과에 대한 보고서가 절대 아닙니다. 또한, 무력으로 공산군의 침략을 중지시키기로 한 유엔의 개입 결정에 대한 이유를 이야기하여 유엔을 대변하고자 하는 것도 아닙니다. 이 책에는 클라이맥스도 결론도 없습니다. 이 책은 단지 자신의 국가가 전쟁에 참여하기로 결정했을 때 그 결정에 관한 정당성 이나개인적인 동의 여부를 막론하고 전쟁 속에서 개개인이 겪고 이겨내는 것들을 보여주기 위한 노력입니다. 이 책은 세상의 모든 권력층으로부터 극적으로 던져진 ‘전쟁’이라는 단어의 의미를 생애 마지막이 될 수도 있는 담배 한 모금을 길게 내뿜 으며 그의 소총과 용기와 꿈들을 움켜쥐고 고지에 있는 적을 향해 돌격하는 한 이름 없는 병사의 눈에 비추어진‘전쟁’의 의미와 완전히 분리하기 위한 노력입니다. 그 병사의 눈에 비친 광경이 그가 느꼈던 것을 더욱더 분명하게 말해주리라 믿으 면서 저는 이 책을 사진에 대한 어떠한 설명도 없이 여러분에게 제시할 것입니다. 제가 쓰는 설명이 제가 느끼고 있었던 것이나 주관적인 생각을 반영할 수도 있기 때문입니다. 지금 제가 자리에 앉아 각각의 사진에 대한 부제를 적고 사진 속의 Ⅱ. 저자의 말:“책을 내면서” 18 l Ⅱ. 저자의 말:“책을 내면서” This is War!
이것이 전쟁이다! 인물이 생각하는 바를 적어 낸다는 것은 가장 잘못된 명령을 흉내 내는 것에 지나지 않습니다. 제가 사진을 찍었을 당시에도 해당 인물들이 어떤 생각을 하고 있었는지에 대해 전혀 알고 있지 못했기 때문입니다. 그래서 이 책에서 사진들은 단지 그들이 했던 것, 그들이 느꼈던 어떤 것, 그리고 아주 드물게 그들이 생각했었던 것들을 나타내고 있습니다. 이 책은 세 개의 장으로 구분되어 있는데, 각 장은 전쟁의 지상전투에 있어서 어 려웠던 점들을 다루고 있습니다. 첫째, 고지에 대한 공격(낙동강 방어전: 고지전), 둘째, 도시 점령(서울 탈환: 시가전), 셋째, 후퇴작전(장진호 전투:“후퇴라니, 말도 안돼!”)입니다. 그 사람들이 그들 자신의 이야기를 할 수 있도록 단 한 줄의 설명도 없이 이 책을 발간할 수 있기를 바라면서도 나의 어머니나 아버지처럼 이 사람들이 겪었던 시련이나 그들이 죽어갔던 참담한 환경들을 이해하기 어려운 많은 이들을 위해 나는 매 장 짧은 텍스트 블록으로 서문을 썼습니다. 각 서문은 부대들이 직면한 전투상황과 즉각적인 문제들을 해결하기 위해 밤과 낮에 걸쳐 취했던 살아남기 위한 활동들을 제법 자세하게 설명하고 있습니다. 나는 가능한 여러 방법으로 이 사람 들이 그들 자신의 이야기를 투영하는 단어들의 화면만을 제공하려고 하였습니다. 또한, 사진들속에담긴이야기가시작되기전의몇달동안한국에서무슨일이일어 났는지에 대한 깊은 관심이 있는 몇몇 분들을 생각하여 나는 이 책을 짧은 부가적인 서술부분으로시작하였습니다. 이부가적인텍스트는라이프지의특파원으로서한국 전에 참여하게 된 저의 아주 개인적인 이야기입니다. 나는 여기에 4개의 르포 기사를 포함했습니다. 도쿄에서의 전쟁 첫날과 맥아더 장군의 첫 전선 방문을 시작으로 하여 다음으로는 종군기자로서는 최초로 시도했던 공군의 제트전투기 탑승기를, 셋째 르포 기사는 한국군 부대의 공격을 따라 취재한 것과 내가 알게 된 것에 대한 실망, 넷째 기사는 미 해병대가 한국에 상륙한 후 치른 첫 교전에 관한 이야기입니다. 이 4개의 르포 기사는 모두 다음 두 가지의 분명한 이유 때문에 포함되었습니다. 첫 번째 이유는 전쟁이 발발한 6월 하순의 첫날로부터 이 책의 사진 부분이 시작 되는 9월 첫 주까지의 전반적인 군사적 상황을 보여주기 위한 것입니다. 이 부가적 설명 부분이 포함된 두 번째 이유는 독자 여러분들이 내가 이 책을 당시 상황을 알지 Ⅱ. 저자의 말:“책을 내면서” l 19
못하거나 진심을 담지 않고 편집한 것이 아니라는 것을 알아주길 바래서입니다. 저는 이 책의 사진 속 인물들이 여러분에게 이야기를 시작하기 이전에 그 전 몇 달간의 음울한 기간에 제가 느꼈던 점들과 가능하다면 제가 했던 생각들도 어느 정도 여러분 과 공유하고 싶었습니다. 그렇지만 그들의 이야기를 알기 위해서는 사진들을 소설에 쓰인 각 페이지의 내용을 글로 읽는 것처럼 주의 깊게 읽어야 합니다. 이야기를 그 사람들의 얼굴과 손과 몸짓을 통해 전달받는 것이 충격의 그 순간에 그들이 느꼈던 감정을 공유하기에 가장 좋은 방법이며 또한 그들을 느끼는 바른 방법일 것입니다. 사진을 감상하는 관람객들에게 그 어느 때보다도 더 많은 참여가 요구되고 있는 것입니다. 이 책에 등장하는 거의 모든 사람은 미 해병대원들입니다. 이것은 우연이 아닙니다. 저는 세계 제2차 대전에서 그들의 일원이었습니다. 남태평양으로부터 전 일본제국의 항복을 받기 위해 도쿄만까지 이동했던 3년 동안 그들과 생사를 같이했던 나는 그들이 한국에 도착했을 때 당연히 그들의 전투를 찍게 되었습니다. 저는 전쟁이 사람에게 무슨 일을 했는지 보여주고 싶었습니다. 그들이 공동의 위험과 싸울 때 그들을 굳게 묶어주었던 전우애의 일부를 보여주고 싶었습니다. 그들이 죽음 가운데 있음을 알았을 때, 그리고 그들이 한 번도 서로 본 적이 없고 개인적으로는 당장 전혀 다툴 일도 없는 상대방, 그러나 보자마자 단번에 그들을 죽이려 할 적들의 전진을 막기 위해 총검만으로 무장한 채 포복으로 나아갈 힘을 아직 찾을 수 있었을 때, 그들이 어떻게 살고 죽었는가를 보여주고 싶었습니다. 저는 극심한 고뇌와 고통과 끔찍한 혼란 속에‘적’이라고 불리는 다른 사람들을 조준하여 소총의 방아쇠를 실제로 당겨야 하는 사람들 사이에서 매일매일 일어나는 영웅적 행위들에 대한 것들을 보여주길 원했습니다. 저는 인류 역사 내내 계속 있어 왔던 전쟁 이야기를 하고자 했습니다. 다만 그들이 사용한 무기들, 전투지역, 그리고 전쟁의 이유만 바뀌었을 뿐입니다. 1951년 3월 데이비드 D. 던컨 20 l Ⅱ. 저자의 말:“책을 내면서” This is War!
이것이 전쟁이다! Ⅲ. Korea 1950 l 21 JUNE: Sunday, June 25, was beautiful in Tokyo. For the first time in weeks the sun broke through the heavy clouds of Japan’s worst rains of the year. The thermometer climbed into the high humid nineties and hundreds of thousands of Tokyoites poured out from the city into the nearby rolling foothills of Fujiyama. Others jammed the beaches. All sought relief and the fun of summer’s first really fine day. I was among them. Friends, knowing that I had just finished the first portion of a vast story for Life Magazine, based upon the highlights of Japanese art, had made the beach sound far more alluring than the studio of the National Museum. So off I went with nothing more serious in mind than trying to think of captions for my picture of one particularly exotic bronze Buddha which would convince my editors that it deserved fullest play in the story. Like another Sunday morning, nearly nine years earlier, the news of war came as a simple statement, complete in its finality. But there was one great difference. This time I was in Japan, and the Japanese soil underfoot was my base. Two hours later, back at General McArthur’s headquarters in Tokyo, the pieces of the new pattern of violence still had not fallen into recognizable shape, at least not at a level where we correspondents could see it. A planeload of pressmen had been one hour out from Tokyo’s Haneda airport, Korea bound, when it was turned back, without explanation. Word came in that South Korea’s President Rhee had phoned MacArthur for help. Others spoke of Russians being pulled out of every tank which the South Koreans claimed to have killed. The first batch of atrocity reports earned wide early circulation, then died almost as quickly. Radio Tokyo choked the heavy afternoon air with flashes and bulletins and quotes from anybody who had any kind of news of the attack. Japan had had Ⅲ. Korea 1950
22 l Ⅲ. Korea 1950 its own little Pearl Harbor and everyone seemed to forget that Korea was no longer Japanese domain, that its defenders were but recently the enemy, and that its outcome might easily repeat the ravages from which they only now were recovering. That first Sunday night another plane was scheduled to carry correspondents into Seoul. I had returned from the beach too late to be included so settled for the second-best solution, MacArthur’s headquarters’ offer to fly down to Kyushu where the U.S. Air Force was preparing to launch fighter strikes against the invaders. That was my first lucky break, for just after midnight GHQ announced that the Seoul plane had been indefinitely canceled. My second-best deal suddenly produced the hottest card in the deck. Even so, it was midmorning Tuesday before four other correspondents and I finally boarded a headquarters’ plane headed for Fukuoka and its adjacent Itazuke airfield. While watching the gleaming rice paddies below, I found myself thinking of islands in the South Pacific; of the pilot who was killed by antiaircraft fire as I shot pictures from his window while his shoulder was touching my chest. I remembered the wondrous butterflies of Guadalcanal; the three years as a Marine; the mildew which ruined equipment; the crud which cut like acid into our flesh and stank like death. I remembered Japan and the Japanese and the little chunk of war that had been me for longer than years usually last. Looking down from the place I found that I could not forget, but I did accept it. Japan was home, as before those other islands had been home, and the five between-years of my life had vanished. We roared in to land at Itazuke with two F-80 jet pilots screaming in behind us before their fuel was gone. As we stepped off the plane I saw a couple of soldiers digging-in a fifty-caliber antiaircraft piece right next to the runway. I had just shot my first pictures of this new war when two more F-80’s whistled down from nowhere, then flashed over in double rolls, symbolic of aerial victories. I turned to Associated Press’s Tom Lambert only to find him looking at me with the same This is War!
이것이 전쟁이다! Ⅲ. Korea 1950 l 23 stunned question in his eyes. Either those pilots were hotrod jockies with jets or else we Americans were again directly involved in a killing war, and these had just killed. They were not hotrod boys. The score that Tuesday night stood at six North Korean planes knocked down, and these youngsters had accounted for three of them. Upon entering the squadron readyroom I noticed a young pilot sitting against the bulletin-board wall. Something in his face made me grab a quick picture. The next day I discovered quite by accident that he had shot down the first enemy plane of the Korean war. I still am not sure what I saw in his face and slouched body. Even as I turned away from shooting him and the other first killer pilots I became more aware of the big transport planes landing on the field. Two hangars on the edge of the field had been converted into giant reception centers with registration tables, chowlines and Red Cross units. Evacuees started flooding the place as the transports swung off the taxiways and stopped. Most of the people came out of Korea with little more than the clothes on their bodies. A few had extra coats. Many of the men carried shotguns, leftovers from the last duck season. During that one period of daylight on Tuesday, the 27th of June, over one thousand American and friendly nations’ citizens were evacuated, without the loss of a single life. By late afternoon the stream of transports had dwindled to a trickle then stopped completely. Every known American citizen had been evacuated from the zone of invasion. There must have been many prayers offered that night, blessing the men who flew into strange country time after time to bring them to safety. That evening after the two days of sunny skies and a calm moonlit night, the weather moved in, clouds came down and it began to pour. The operations room had noted our request for transport to Kimpo airfield near Seoul but no more flights were going in. It had fallen into North Korean hands. That made me wonder how the young South Korean pilots felt who had been brought over the day before in an emergency effort to teach them to fly
P-51 Mustang fighters with which to help defend their country. Their American instructor told me he was sure that he would have them in the air within another twenty-four hours, even though it might seem a hopeless task to a newcomer, for he had to polish them up on much basic technique. When his translator explained that those of them who spoke no English need not worry about controltower conversations since it was arranged that they would be flashed either a green light for landing or red to turn away, they all burst into delighted laughter. Obviously this was a very high-class and democratic airfield! Just fly! No talk! Red. Green. Very simple! I wondered whether their war would be the same. Just after dawn Wednesday we got our second break. A C-47 was going up another airfield only about thirty minutes away, so we bummed a ride. Once there we learned that a plane had been ordered to Suwon field, Central Korea, with radio jeeps for MacArthur’s field headquarters which had just been established. We piled into the plane and right into the jeeps. The rain lifted enough for the take-off and away we went. Looking through the window I could see nothing but swirling gray clouds and moisture slipping like soft jewels across the glass. About two hours from Japan the clouds suddenly began to break and we could see the ground. The roads were the first things to strike us. They were black with people heading south. Then three trains appeared crawling along the single track, all headed south and completely blanketed with refugees. Landing on the Suwon strip we were greeted by Burton Crane, New York Times' man and an old friend from Tokyo, but now a little difficult to recognize. His head was bandaged covering the cuts he had received the night before when the jeep in which he was riding had its windshield blown out when the Southern Koreans blasted the Han River bridge at Seoul, in their efforts to stop the drive of the invaders from the north. He flew out on our plane but not before telling us that they had just been strafed by a pair of Yaks which hit no one, but peppered the abandoned U.S. fighter and light bomber sitting on the edge of the strip. Both 24 l Ⅲ. Korea 1950 This is War!
이것이 전쟁이다! planes were pouring oil from multiple holes, and definitely out of commission. The question of their salvage was settled the next day when two near misses by northern bombs blew them apart. That afternoon of June 28 found us alone on a battered four-thousand-foot airfield near an almost unknown Korean town. Our only company was the pair of punctured planes. We had just found the headquarters when firing overhead drove everyone to cover. Four Yaks had sneaked down at the moment when the U.S. fighter cover had returned to Japan and before its replacement arrived. At that very instant a C-54 transport came in to land. Two Yaks closed in for the kill, machine guns hammering out slugs all the way down in their dives. The 54 pilot must have seen the enemy planes, for he took off across the rice paddies, harvesting next season's crop as he went. Later, back in GHQ, I learned that he had flown out of the trap, the plane was sieved, but not one man aboard was wounded. Another Yak dive-bombed the strip. Two explosions rocked the headquarters. Starting out in a jeep for the airfield to check on the damage, Lambert and I found an Air Force captain strolling down the road. He crawled into the back seat, then turned and said, “Jesus Christ! You know, I've never been shot at before!” It turned out that he was the pilot of another C-54 the Yaks had caught on the runway. Somehow he had gotten out of the plane and half a mile away without any apparent effort at all. At the field we found two good-sized bomb craters in one end of the runway and the C-54 dripping gasoline from her left wing tanks. The pilot hopped out of the jeep, went over to his plane, then sprinted back into the paddies. It was very perplexing. I had nearly passed the nose when something caught my eye up in the sunlight on the right wing, and I nearly tore the gears out of the poor old jeep. The leading edge of the wing was in flames. The rubber de-icer was burning in little orange curls of fire. The strafing had riddled the left wing but bomb fragments had hit the right. She seemed doomed so I found a good camera position in the field off the strip and waited for her to explode. She didn't, at least Ⅲ. Korea 1950 l 25
not right away. Except for the little orange flames and some smoke curling from the pilot's window everything was quiet. It was getting along toward sunset. It seemed rather strange but as the sun sank lower the flames climbed higher. Smoke started coming out of the broken cabin windows and we could see the fire inside glowing brighter. The cabin fire burned through windows and up through the astrodome, then gushed into the cockpit. The front end of the plane was soon entirely aflame. Its nose burned off, the great tail flukes rose slowly against the evening sky and the right wing tanks exploded. Going back toward the little town which was Suwon, our progress was brought to an almost complete halt by the rivers of refugees funneling south along the road. Although no North Korean planes had started strafing the road, no one knew when it might begin. Under cover of darkness it seemed as though the entire population of Korea was afoot. Vehicles of all descriptions plowed through the crowds, most of them heavily camouflaged with branches and all packed to bursting with men, most of them of the South Korean Army and police force. There was little evidence of panic yet less of leadership. They just seemed to be caught in the crush of voiceless people plodding south down the road. That afternoon at the railroad station I had photographed them as they festooned themselves all over the train, covering every inch of its steel length. They presented a pathetic but now everyday picture, different from others made in Greece, Palestine, India or China only in that they were all rather well dressed and spotlessly clean. These were not poverty-stricken peasants headed from an uncertain past to a less certain future, but the entire people of that section of Korea where life had been casual and full-stomached. Yet even with that life being demolished around them and the knowledge that at the end of the road south there lay nothing but the sea, they still were making their flight in quiet dignity. And I felt embarrassed as I worked among them, especially in my knowledge that I could always get out, somehow. When I came upon an ancient 26 l Ⅲ. Korea 1950 This is War!
이것이 전쟁이다! couple serenely holding hands in their cart while their eldest son strained every fiber of his being to pull them to safety I felt nothing but shame at being bigger than all three and yet helplessly tied to the tiny camera in my hands. And I wondered whether my pictures would really make any difference. Back at headquarters Lambert told me that he had checked all sources. No one yet knew exactly what the over-all picture was except that it was bad. Apparently the North Koreans were regrouping just north of the Han River and using newly captured Seoul as their GHQ. No tanks from the north had yet been reported working the south bank of the river but no one knew how long that reprieve would last. The tanks used by the Reds in their drive south had paralyzed the defenders with mute fright and left them empty of any thought of retaliation. Just after dawn of the 29th I spotted a rather slight, somewhat stooped officer standing inside the headquarters' door. It was Brigadier General John Church, newly appointed Commanding General of the American-sponsored Korean Military Advisory Group. He smiled a little wistfully when I asked him if he would brief me on his holding forces up along the Han. He had been flown in from Tokyo only the day before and was still trying to co-ordinate his command. Apparently over one-half of all South Korean troops had been either cut off or captured that first day of the attack. Nearly all field guns had been lost, but not all due to the simple answer that they had been abandoned. On the contrary, they were weapons outranged by the Soviet-made artillery on the northern side. In order even to reach the enemy batteries it had been necessary to move those outgunned pieces right up to the front instead of having them in depth where they could fire over the heads of protecting troops in the line. The North Koreans simply laid in barrages which made the southern battery positions untenable. Then, after they had blasted everything apart, they just walked over and occupied the positions at their leisure. Those Southern Korean artillery pieces were American and were all that had been made Ⅲ. Korea 1950 l 27
available to Rhee's government despite warnings of the competition they faced across the 38th Parallel. That Thursday morning of the 29th, the fifth day of the war, was a beauty, with clear skies and fine warm weather. Unfortunately it was also perfect tank weather. The real Korean rainy season had been somewhat late, at least several weeks behind the rains in Japan. The road connecting Seoul to Suwon was dry and hard and ideal for a break-through. Even the rice paddies alongside the road were parched and almost dry. Because of these conditions American planes could dominate the fairly open, low rolling terrain for most of every day. But at night, with the fighters back at their home fields, it was anybody's guess where the northerners might try to ram through new attacks. Undoubtedly fresh supplies, armor and probably troops were being brought down from the north under cover of darkness. Such were some of General Church's problems that Thursday morning. Back at Suwon airfield, I had just finished photographing the evacuation of two airmen wounded during the attack the afternoon before, when a pair of light observation planes came in for landings. Seeing General Church walking over to the planes, I followed, intending to try to clarify my own understanding of what it looked like around the front area. But instead of an artillery observer, the man who popped out was Syngman Rhee, President of South Korea. U.S. Ambassador Muccio stepped from the other plane. The scholarly old gentleman and our Ambassador had just had the flight of their lives. Coming up from the temporary capital at Taejon (about ninety miles south of Suwon), they had been jumped by a lone Yak. By staying at treetop levels and whipping their little planes all around through the back canyons of the mountains, the two American pilots had kept the Yak pilot so outmaneuvered that he never got a chance to throw a burst into them. I thought to myself that President Rhee was a rather energetic individual for a man of his advanced years. When I learned what he had just endured I could feel only 28 l Ⅲ. Korea 1950 This is War!
이것이 전쟁이다! profound admiration for his composure at such a naked moment in his life, but more than that I shall always remember the way he looked down at our booted feet as we stood in the field alongside the strip. With an expression of tenderness he looked up from the earth and said, “But the young soybean sprouts. Our feet are crushing them.” Muccio hurried President Rhee into a waiting car, away from the field, as a precaution against any return visit by the hunting Yak. I had just started to be surprised that General Church hadn't escorted the President over to his headquarters when I glanced up at another C-54 which had landed almost unnoticed on the strip and was taxiing right down upon us. The name painted upon its nose said it all: Bataan. General MacArthur stepped down, corncob pipe, long stem and all, clutched as a weapon between his fingers. MacArthur seemed buoyant. His eyes possessed that same luminous brilliance which I had sometimes seen in the faces of fever patients. The last time I had seen him was when, aboard the U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay, I watched him sign his name to the Articles of Surrender of the Japanese Empire. He was keyed to almost the same pitch both times. He turned slightly and at the same moment his eyes flicked across my face up to the Marine emblem on my old ball cap and back down to my eyes. So I stepped forward and introduced myself, by name and as the photographer who had taken Carl Mydans' place in covering that part of the world for Life Magazine. When he answered me a strange thing happened. He said that Carl had cabled him two days before that he was en route back to Japan. That he was returning. And as he told me those few words something settled down behind his eyes. I thought to myself that I must remember to tell Carl, for I considered it the greatest compliment I had ever seen paid by one man to another. No time was wasted around the airstrip. MacArthur, Church and a couple of others piled into jeeps and all headed for the headquarters' building back in Suwon town. After a series of lightning briefings and conferences in the old Ⅲ. Korea 1950 l 29
headquarters' building MacArthur ordered his car and headed up the almost unscouted road to the front. MacArthur must have been discouraged by what he saw as he drove north toward Seoul. The road was clogged with its refugees still moving south. The same trucks teeming with armed men also were heading south. There was not one defensive position to be seen anywhere along the road, nor any evidence that the soldiers we saw scattered along the route had any intention of fighting. It was not that they were all turning tail and running away. It was more as though they thought that this chaotic disintegration was happening to someone else's army. We were wildly cheered as we churned up the dust and rolled north. Not because the first car contained MacArthur, but solely because we looked grim and dirty and businesslike, and were driving north. After the first few miles the refugees thinned to stragglers, then they too disappeared and we were alone upon the road except for the usual bough-camouflaged trucks bringing their clusters of armed men south. I knew that the order had been given for all South Korean stragglers to regroup at given points where it was hoped that they could be reorganized into new lines of resistance, but I had also heard that there was a holding force securing our front, and that it was just south of the River Han. Nowhere along those twenty-odd miles up to Seoul did I see any evidence of South Korean Army command. No supplies going forward, nothing resembling lines of communication, no evidence of any kind which indicated that if a man stayed behind to fight, he would have received even the crudest medical care if wounded. Perhaps these units did exist, but we were going right up to the front, and I did not see them. I also began giving serious thought to just what did lie between us and the North Koreans. At the crossroads of Yongdungpo where the road branched, one fork turning east into Seoul, we could plainly see northern artillery fire landing upon the south bank of the river less than one mile away. Standing directly at the crossroads, MacArthur was given a hasty briefing on the terrain and known 30 l Ⅲ. Korea 1950 This is War!
www.unpm.or.krRkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTMyNzcxNA==